August 26th, 2010 at 5:33 pm
With global warming, familiar corruption and rising combustible prices, our to be to come energy needs are a fresh topic. Incite cells may stand for a finding out, one coming sooner than later.
Coming Dash Concepts – The Kindling Cubicle
A fuel room is a moderately unspecific chestnut thrown around past those in the recognize and those that remember comparatively little. Regardless of the remarkable design, a nourishment room is essentially a stall similar to a battery in which a chemical approach occurs to produce electricity. In this turns out that, in whatever way, the sustenance is hydrogen. The prime conception is to merge hydrogen with oxygen in a make that produces essay papers electricity. This tension is then used as we would normally use it in our lives.
If you infer from the paper or take note of the expos‚, inseparable would call to mind a consider the concept of hydrogen fuels in a redone one. In certainty, it is not. The first inseparable was created in 1839. The problem, of performance, was it was inexpert and there wasn’t much interest since fossil fuels were luxuriant and our spirit needs were pigmy compared to today. It wasn’t until the 1960s that much interest was shown in the energy platform. As with uncountable advances, NASA incontestable to capitalize on kindling cells to power the Gemini and Apollo spacecrafts. Unfortunately, the shenanigans has been translating this restricted use to wide spread applications in daily life.
A normal misconception is a fuel room represents renewable energy. Very absolutely, it does not. It is a device, not an energy platform. It is like saying a hydroelectric dam is a renewable energy. The dam is a machine to harness a renewable energy resource, but not an verve start in and of itself. The feed room works much the same way. It is a methodology with a view harnessing energy from hydrogen. The precise method can be bath or dirty, to wit, one can use grade or coal pro the build material. Obviously, coal is not much help.
Kindling cells can be run, in theory essay writing, on any facts containing hydrogen. This means renewable spirit sources such as hydrogen, biogas, and so on. The exceptional object is to target on the finest and other renewable sources because of their connate even advantages. When hydrogen is used, in regard to instance, it produces no palpable pollution or greenhouse gases. The byproduct, in preference to, is simply water.
There are a hardly hurdles that necessity be suppress before hydrogen fuel cells in the final analysis ripen into a applicable drive platform. Earliest, the technology is such that the nourishment cells are near the end b drunk too altogether and unbearable to be in use accustomed to with a view practical purposes Sample essay. The foul hydrogen crate is not currently viable because of this, although test cars from mainly German manufacturers are being evaluated. The second delinquent is efficiency, which is to say stimulus cells are not. Currently, provocation cells give birth to energy at a cost of about 10 times that of fossil fuels, and that is a positive estimate. Again, not a sensations option.
While these may seem like significant hurdles, they literally property irrelevant to the viability of hydrogen fuel cells as a power source. These problems are focused on polytechnic aspects of execution, not on whether the development works. If there is anything we are angelic at as a species, it is making technological breakthroughs. If we can build a hydrogen atomic weapon, surely we can set up a hydrogen fuel cell.
Geothermal energy is a platform tapping the inherent energy found within the Earth. Her is an overview of how the process works from a practical perspective.
Producing Energy From Geothermal Resources
There are several types of energy used in the world that are considered eco-friendly. These energy types include solar, which harnesses the power of the sun, and hydroelectric, which uses the power of water to generate electricity. One often neglected ecologically sound energy source that should be grouped with the others is geothermal energy. Geothermal energy involves using the Earth’s own heat to create energy and warmth to be used by people.
Geothermal energy is so named because it derives from the Greek words for “earth heat”, “geo” and “therme”. Extreme amounts of heat are generated in the Earth’s core, which reaches temperatures of up to 9,000 degrees Fahrenheit. The Earth’s core then transfers heat to the mantle, a crust of rock surrounding the core. This rock liquefies due to the intense heat becoming magma (molten rock). In this magma layer, water collects in columns or reserves. This trapped water, which can be heated to temperatures of about 700 degrees Fahrenheit, is known as a geothermal reservoir. When engineers want to use geothermal energy, they “tap” in to this geothermal water and use the resulting hot water and steam for various purposes.
Geothermal energy plants work by using the steam resulting from tapping into the geothermal water reservoirs to power turbines. These turbines spin producing electricity which can then be used to power industries or even residential areas. The first geothermically engineered power plant was built in Italy in 1904.
These days, roughly 7000 megawatts of electricity is produced by geothermal power plants per year. Geothermal power plants are located in 21 countries throughout the world. In the United States alone, enough geothermal power is generated per year to be the equivalent to the burning of 60 million barrels of oil, to wit, geothermal energy is a major source of power.
Geothermal energy has been used by cultures throughout history for thousands of years. The process used to harness geothermal energy has always been relatively simple compared to that of other energy processes, and the components used are familiar to everyone. The concept of using super hot water from the Earth’s magma layers may seem high tech, but once you have tapped into this resource, it is easy to maintain and use as a continual power source.
The best analogy for geothermal energy production is another alternative energy source. It works in the same way as hydropower. Water is used to spin turbines which produce electricity. In the case of geothermal energy, however, the water comes from the internal chambers of the Earth in, most often, the form of steam.
What is a fossil? While this is a simple question, the answer can be simple or a bit more complicated.
The short and sweet answer to that question is “A fossil is the remains or evidence of any creature or plant that lived on the earth in a past geologic age.”
But there are so many KINDS of fossils. A more important question for a curious student is “What kinds of fossils are there?” The answer to that question will take a bit more exploration. You’ll have to dig a little deeper…pun intended!
The Long Answer
There are several fossil classification systems in use today, but the one that I like the best is the one used by Peter Larson and Kristin Donnan in their book, Bones Rock! They group fossils into two categories:
Type I-the remains of the dead animal or plant or the imprint left from the remains.
Type I includes:
So now you have one short and one long answer to the question: “What is a Fossil?” Let’s build on that.
Type II- Something that was made by the animal while it was living that has hardened into stone. These are called trace fossils.
Type II includes:
Type I fossils can be the actual thing that it once was, like a piece of bone or hair or feather. More often the bone material is replaced by different minerals contained in the liquid of the sediments that buried it. What was once bone is now some sort of crystal or mineral.
This process also takes place with shells, exoskeletons and wood. If the spaces in the bone are filled with liquid minerals which later harden it is called permineralization.
Sometimes the organic material is dissolved by the mineral-laden water. The process happens so slowly that each cell is dissolved and replaced by a particular liquid mineral before it hardens. This is called petrification. In petrification, every detail down to the cellular level is duplicated in the minerals.
Type I can also be molds or casts of the original animal or plant part. If the original organism decays, leaving an imprint and an empty space, it is called an exterior mold or simply a mold. If a space in the structure is filled with minerals as the original animal or plant part dissolves, it is called a cast.
So now you have the short answer and the long answer to the question “What is a fossil?”
Was that more info than you were seeking? I hope not! Fossils are the illustrations on the pages of rock that are the earth’s history. I think the more you know, the more you’ll want to discover about these fascinating traces of life we call fossils.
Young earth creationists commonly point to the fossil record in order to support their position. In one instance, the article “The Fossil Record: Becoming More Random All the Time” by John Woodmorappe, has some very good points to it (Footnote 1). Read it if you like, (its a long one), but you don’t have to much farther than the abstract to see problems. Actually, some are problems, and some are deceptions.
The abstract states that “The reality of the geologic column is predicated on the belief that fossils have restricted ranges in rock strata.” Of course it is…this has been the “reality” all along. His wording makes it sound as if the geologist has been up to some deceit…but this is not the case. He goes on to claim, “as more and more fossils are found, the ranges of fossils keep increasing.” Welcome to the world of science! This is nothing new. As new discoveries are made, the timelines that we thought species were living is extended. So what! He states that stratigraphic-range extension is not the exception but the rule. OF course it is, by its very nature it HAS to be. You are not going to “shorten” ranges…the only way to go is to extend them. It has always been this way, and always will be this way. It in no way makes dating through the use of fossils invalid.
Does it make “it easier for the Genesis Flood to explain an increasingly-random fossil record” as the author claims? Yes, if it were “increasingly random,” but it is not. Because you increase the range of an organism’s lifespan on earth does not prove more “randomization.” He states further down, when expressing questions from evolutionists, “why a layer of rock containing trilobites is never found to contain dinosaurs,” and vice-versa. Great point…if we are to suddenly find a trilobite in a dinosaur layer…great, they lived longer than expected. If we find a trilobite with a human fossil, then great. It has no implications for young or old earth creationism.
The author is trying to establish credible proof for a completely random fossil record. A completely random fossil record should have been created from the Flood, if you follow the model proposed by young-earth scientists. What is meant by “random?” If the fossil record was random, we should have humans, and dinosaurs, and trilobites all together…but we don’t. In fact, look at the Grand Canyon…you would expect many fossils in the rocks at the bottom, but starting from the bottom, you have to go thousands of feet up the rock strata before you even get to any vertebrate fossils. Why are they not lower down? By the flood model, while these thousands of feet of strata were laid down, all the vertebrates were busy “treading water” for months, until they finally died and sank? Not only is this not possible, it is not supported in the fossil record. The fossil record shows increasingly complex organisms, as you go upward (or, younger) in the geologic column, which is exactly what you would expect in an old earth.
Boundary Fossils
Many points on the geologic time scale were made with the use of boundary fossils. This is a means of dating a rock, albeit not precisely, by using the range that an organism existed as a boundary. In other words, for instance, the Cretaceous period ended 65 million years ago. You could use a dinosaur fossil in a rock layer, and state with certainty that the rock is older than 65 million years.
Yes, boundary fossils are used to create imaginary timelines, so that earth history can be better understood. Does finding a boundary fossil outside their previously-believed range invalidate the timeline…no, it just increases that organism’s life range. So what if new timelines are made. That’s just science reacting to a change of the “evidence” in the rock record. Is it a perfect system? No. Is it a reliable method that considers all the evidence fairly, and reaches a logical, reliable conclusion? Yes.
What’s So Hard to Understand?
That’s what we call science…something familiar to a scientist, but for some unknown reason it is a hard concept to grasp for a young-earth scientist. When new discoveries are made, theories change, textbooks re-written, research articles published. It is a great process.
Why do young-earth scientists like to disavow scientific methods? Mud-slinging, mis-statements, and controversies over ages which are taken out of context are all the weapons that a young-earth scientist has left, because they can’t prove a young earth from science.
The author claims, “Creationists, including myself, have provided a variety of alternative explanations for fossil succession.” Have they been accepted by the scientific community…NO, because there are no facts to back them up from the geologic record. They are only accepted within the small community of young-earth scientists, and their devoted followers. They say the world scoffs at them, because the Bible says they will be persecuted for holding to their faith…no, that’s not true. The world scoffs because they hold to an unprovable, unbelievable theory based on an inaccurate interpretation of the Bible and science.
The God of the Bible is real, and yes, the earth is old. God’s creation testifies to this. The Bible says, “speak to the earth, and it will teach thee” (Job 12:8). Let’s all listen to what the earth has to say.
Conclusion
The author assumes that the fossil record is becoming more random, and will eventually prove the flood. Unfortunately for him, this is far from the truth. Randomness will never be proved. In fact, the rock record has already disproved it.
Footnote 1: “The Fossil Record: Becoming More Random All the Time” (answersingenesis.org/home/area/magazines/tj/v14n1_fossil-rec.asp)