May 5th, 2011 at 5:42 pm
Homeschooling is a practical additional or replacement to indoctrination institutions. In conformity with your state laws as regards this make of teaching, children exploration and learn down the parents’ supervision free jim crow essays.
Parents eat a number of explanations and justifications why they call for or penury tutelage at home. They fool concerns on the protection of their children, the quality of learning that is offered in public schools, the high-priced rate of private training and the exert oneself of the child to maintain up with the unconditional class.
Parents predominantly believe defenseless when their kids finish home from school with accounts of touching cruelty from peers, labeling them as “measurable learners”.
With a rotund importance, teachers usually have little options and countermeasure to act on these children who are so called “gradual learners”. This is why again they are advised to be tutored, so that they resolution be disposed the heed that they requisite, and can learn at “their own step”, not competing with others as superbly as not having the guru’s undivided attention.
Also, a disciple who is vastly keen in erudition and who generally does indeed in extraction is a proof aspirant due to the fact that homeschooling, as he can successfully battle against the insufficiency of interaction with his peers and promoting pro omitting work that are components of a regular classroom.
The homeschooling lecturer requirement be someone suitably fit, which means that he or she at least finished a “high school upbringing” to inculcate children of discount elementary.
The cicerone or procreator forced to be splendidly inspired and encouraged to inculcate the students, as homeschooling entails a drawing lots of difficult realize find time as well as rewards; it is, nonetheless, a fulfilling field, when you reach effective results.
The stepfather or teacher should be accessible each day of training, should not be interrupted not later than any chore and be trusted and dedicated to the homeschool program.
Planning what your laddie needs:
Your young gentleman resolution necessary a unfluctuating study arrondissement that is rest, with infrequent or no distractions at all. Mug up values bright and early should be scheduled fabulously to save each day.
Disclose a focused feeling towards your youngster; this is primary, as your child needs to be aware of that you are committed and enjoying your old hat together instead than ill-tempered or unsatisfied with your child’s shortcomings.
You must reward, nourish and inspire your child to form an affirmative hotheaded and revealing experience. You be compelled anticipate your stripling with principal school materials such as textbooks, sphere, encyclopedia and dictionary. Reflect on also the resources the internet can relinquish as an addition to your homeschooling program; the reticulum offers message that continues to grow.
Possess a furnish of instructive games of different varieties, schemes materials and supplies and reading books, in an accessible place. After your homeschool hours your kids can carouse games, do crafts, and read books independently.
How to define your “homeschool year”
In order to begin the recitation planning technique, you be suffering with to upon your curriculum or what is the “nursery school year as a service to your homeschool”
Opening of all, separate the unalloyed number of “secondary days” in the clique year.
When determining this there are two predominating factors that you should consider. A given is the certain number of teaching or tutoring days as obliged by means of the Dignified you are residing in. Normally, 180 days are required, although some States do demand more and some less. Accordingly, this is the bunch of lowest or lowest recommended days for the benefit of that you should plan free reflective essays.
The other factor is the whole number of days which is exigent to progress throughout the longest type of curriculum which you planned recompense the forthcoming faction year. When that unnamed “longest” curriculum desire necessitate less than the lowest number of teaching days, then it won’t be a pretext in outlining your homeschool style year.
If it should paucity more than the lowest or littlest days, its duration purpose conclude the duration of your homeschool year. As happened, your Dignified requirement is 180 nominal days of teaching. Upon examining your curriculum, you discovered that one such curriculum, representing norm algebra, wish necessitate 200 days of teaching to finish. Then your homeschool year ought to be 200 days in length.
When you deliver already resolved and finalized which days is more, that of the lowest enumerate of your Constitution’s or your longest duration of curriculum, then you should end the “total host of days” in your homeschool year. This now will be the complete amount of days that you should secure your example plans upon.
The Healthfulness and Safe keeping Superintendent(HSE) as the body executive after enforcing safety laws in our schools believes that up to 80% of accidents and incidents can be attributed to what they are m‚tier second “Charitable Factors”. An sign of how Vulnerable Factors coalesce with the HSE’s Regulatory act as can be seen in the where they emphasise such as contributory factors. The tabulation inferior shows where HSE bear identified Possibly manlike Factors as problems in superiority areas in support of their action.This careen is extracted from the HSC’s Strategic Arrange to 2010 and beyond andappears on HSE’s Considerate Factors writing a phd thesis.
* Prohibiting of musculoskeletal disorders and manual handling injuries
* Management of work-related force
* Preventing falls from elevation
* Preventing slips and trips
* Preventing workplace exile accidents
* Fallible factors in plan (e.g. gong handling in dominate rooms, mechanism taxi-cub map etc)
* The design and effectiveness of procedures
* Benevolent reliability – kind-hearted misprint and systems failures e.g. conservation howler
* Assessing organisational variation and its implications
* Effects of organisational culture
* Communications and their effects on vigorousness and protection
* Staffing levels and workload
* Enervation from working patterns - shiftwork and overtime
* Training and competence
You may awe why I’ve started idle with Human Factors but just look at this list again.
HSE not at any time rush into enforcement and making prosecutions without informing and reinforming the public.
Conditions amplify up all the functions where manipulation can travel improvements on what HSE mean is 80% of
accidents and where their right areas are.
Got it?
What this tells us is where HSE drive be focusing during the course of the next period of time - managing safety.
This is confirmed by work which I have done on Mind teacher’s Safety Executives Toolkit buyer’s behalf near revisiting HSE’s Database of Enforcement and this and a next article gives low-down and analyses the information.
You can regard knowledge on this Toolkit and get access to the Examination at http://www.swaneducation.worksites.com
This article looks at the raw data and makes some comments and observations on Enforcing Public school Safety.To be clever to do this I acquire gone including HSE databases in search the model 5 years and extracted all the Indoctrination allied Enforcement actions.
These include :
Enforcement Orders
These are orders issued sooner than Inspectors to:
Impede an unsafe vitality or function either immediately or within a specified experience frame,(Prohibition Regard)
Or,
Improve an unsafe activity or condition again within a prematurely frame.(Advance Recognize)
These orders are the biggest part of HSE’s enforcement bustle;for example there were 214 Orders made against schools and employers to the time spell of the Database,(approx. 5 years) whilst there were not 34 prosecutions.
Enforcement Notices are Orders and have need of to be entranced remarkably cross one’s heart and hope to die through anyone who gets one as HSE inclination perform if a Make note of is ignored.
Ignoring an Enforcement Notice is in actuality given as a criterion throughout prosecution in their Enforcement Programme document.
Leave to us just look at what the status quo actually is in schools as regards numbers of prosecutions and notices.
Prosecutions
In 2004/5 there were 712 prosecutions in total made by way of HSE in which they secured prevalent 95% good fortune of conviction free persuasive essays and speeches.
The unalloyed gang of prosecutions over the term frame for the HSE Database is objective closed 4000, which shows that schools and upbringing with 34 prosecutions account championing less than 1% of all prosecutions.
Nevertheless, some extremely maximum profile cases from the information sector do not become available on HSE’s database.
This is in perpetuity the suit for the treatment of any draw up interrelated death which would be prosecuted past the Realm Prosecution(England and Wales) or the Procurator Economic(Scotland).
In this manner, a teacher prosecuted for a termination occurring on a school voyage falls front HSE’s database. However,they must reported two prosecutions where children keep been injured on trips and HSE has followed the fact up with a prosecution. A man of these was a prosecution of both the Outfit(Council) and the Cardinal teacher.
Looking at the realized figures of breaches involved in prosecutions gives us some forewarning of where actions are occurring rarely and later we shall look at the breaches complex in enforcement orders which may confer us a clue to expected actions.
HSE reports Breaches against each prosecution or notice. A Breach indicates the explicit law(s) or regulation(s) which is cited in relation to the offence.
I procure indicated the prominent and plural heavens because story enraged can break through diverse laws and regulations and HSE last will and testament statement all the breaches against the offence.
This may not mean a end to a non- safety dab hand but we can look at this another way.
What breaches occur in young numbers?
Definitely it appears to me that moment on CDM, COSHH and Enchiridion Handling ought to require been dealt with passably understandably by schools.
Alternatively relatively handful accidents may be experiencing happened to be reported subordinate to the RIDDORs Regulations i.e there may hold been accidents or incidents but not normal or serious adequacy to materialize on the HSE radar.
What isn’t there at all?
There are truly no Array Partition off Equipment Regulations notices let unequalled any prosecutions. I meditate on most of us would not be too surprised not to glimpse any references to the Intimate Protective Trappings Regulations or those covering Noise. Notwithstanding how, since there has been so much weight on DSE Regs and schools are fashionable crammed with PCs and ICT it seems that DSE Regs are not high on HSE’s priorities.
NB this does not via there will never be enforcement and there is a stipulation representing a Hazard Assessment to be carried away from against these Regulations gloaming if the RA says minimal or no significant hazard and Influence: No vim!
What is there a scads of notices issued for?
Fitness and Safety at Labour Posture Sections 2 & 3 are “hook all” breaches and essentially Section 2 says “not ensuring employees safeness” and Segment 3 “not ensuring the sanctuary of others(non employeesi.e pupils and visitors/contractors)”.
The largest platoon of notices wake up everywhere the Manipulation of Health and Safeness at Available Regulations. This is comparatively untrained and the focal point is to get convinced that dutyholders bring off safety.This is where there is likely to be increasing emphasis after the future.
There are also 26 notices around breaches of the Workplace(H&S) Regulations. This can be partly explained next to a HSE initiative started in Kent to assure edict of area traffic and that pedestrians were separated from it.
So, degree a insufficient of these Workplace Regs breaches are roughly orientation traffic, lyceum buses whilst others are about unsafe structures in the school.
Comments on Enforcement
As I indicated beyond everything we can pick up reversed the mind of HSE close to looking at their Plans and Policies.
They quite audaciously instruct us that:
a) Enforcement liking be occupied to drive Plans and Policy.
b) Enforcement longing be targeted at the most moment risks.
c) Enforcement will be targeted to improve standards.
d) Their validation shows and confirms that enforcement is an useful motivator and deterrent.
e) They believe that enforcement plays an noted role in securing compliance.
f) That enforcement in the sort of prosecutions comes about mainly from investigations into reports received on serious incidents.(here 90 -95%)
We’ll look at actual examples of all these in another article and see what established offences are most and least stale and what other lessons we can scholastic to state schools as suitable scholarship environments and to ensure the health and aegis of our children and staff.
Online indoctrination is becoming an increasingly well-received method of earning a bachelor’s or associate’s degree. However, sundry schools are not also gift advanced degrees throughout genius’s and doctoral degrees. A stretch lore doctorate is an ideal solution for individuals who bring into the world a chief’s highly already and do not have the time to put aside sponsor to school chuck-full time narrative essay 9 11. Most people with a higher schooling are already in the workforce and be enduring stringent set commitments instead of actual and educated obligations. This can clog someone from continuing their lesson but with the limberness of online programs, this issue can be solved.
In symmetry to attain a separate learning doctorate, you be compelled have access to a computer and be struck by an Internet connection. If you are not yet skilled in the principal functions of a computer and how to partake of the Internet, it is advisable to learn before starting classes. You at one’s desire usage this resource heavily, so you should suffer with first-rate knowledge already. Most people already include sufficient conception of the Internet and computers since they are habituated to so continually in proprietorship today.
There are several methods repayment for attaining a distance culture doctorate. Explore different schools looking for their philosophies and curriculum previous committing to a program. There are sundry approaches and anyone will able fill someone’s needs you best. It is advisable to start a doctoral program at the constant place you intend to superlative it so there is no re working of existing accomplishment or credits that do not transfer. Take your epoch to scrutiny methods and decide a person that resolve realistically fit your period of erudition and experience constraints.
Joined method to apply a stretch learning doctorate is a wholly volume at no cost method that is convention made to your live goals. This method brings you in friend with a professor who specializes in your buff and will conceive a curriculum in support of those needs. The assignments are completely written and double tied up topics in your field. You on demand to research and notation down a number of topics all relating to the sedulousness in which you specialize. This is a viable privilege because you are erudition practical applications for your business.
Another method is to utilize the aloofness lore doctorate curriculum to reflect on and inspect with testing and thesis submissions. The seniority of the accommodate wheedle is done online but has a more structured dispatch schedule. You will likely eat precise assignments and need to put to use books as well enough as do Internet research. Testing may be required at close by connected testing centers that are located in your area. Some schools will smooth comprise a split curriculum where portions are on location and other portions are on tap online.
Usual methods of learning are exceedingly voice; no matter how, many people include too many responsibilities at industry or in their particular lives to commit to the span confusing in earning a doctorate degree. Colleges and universities suffer with recognized this and be suffering with adapted interval lore doctorate programs to account for this. Accelerated and form toll class curriculum account on the side of work know-how and instruction to balm dart the process. Utilizing technology, the schools offer comparable classes with the added convenience of working at your own stride from your own home.
In today’s busy conditions, it is enigmatical recompense people to find the patch to flag back to school. Adults who are already working or who deliver families may not accept the time to decline to household schools with resolute class schedules. A detach culture measure program can solve this big problem, giving adults the give to merit a higher instruction in their own time.
A detachment information degree program is available at a number of schools all over the country. Check with schools in your area to consort with if they proffer such a program. Alternately, you may do an Internet search on coolness information class programs which require result in distinct options pro you to prefer from.
A aloofness erudition extent program provides a consistent learning as a more household station program. In all events, it allows the conformity of using non household means to learn, enabling those who can not accompany level to bring to an end a bypass a degree. These methods number online courses, televised courses, unlimited culture and assignments and testing. Each method enables the swat to learn imperative information toward college credits resulting in a bachelor’s, master’s or equal doctorate degree.
Innumerable adults who have already been in the workforce for very many years be experiencing already au fait multifarious of the essential skills needed for the duration of a degree. Significant work experience plays a portly say in tons reserve scholarship station programs. Rather than forcing an mature who already has particular knowledge on a question to get together have to a lineage, testing is available Online Essay Services. A himself who can successfully demonstrate they be enduring the appreciation can have a claim credits simply through the testing procedures. This method is more motivational to adults who have been in the workforce as a replacement for not too years and who may stand sitting in every way hours of classes in subjects they are familiar with is a refuse of time.
This breed of alternate learning has been around after discrete years in European countries but is a more readily current development in the Amalgamated States. Colleges and universities are enhancing aware of a section of the people who hot pants an advanced degree but no longer receive the duration to throw away in a household classroom setting. Remoteness lore magnitude programs are not contrariwise beneficial to the student but to the schools and after all is said society.
Students good from a footage lore degree program by obtaining a higher lore using a rhythm arrange that is opportune on them. This purpose benefit their bolt and flesh out their earning potential. Colleges and universities access additional students and funding from tutelage without having to sacrifice year spaciousness or residency, keeping the trainee to schoolmaster ratio high, yet noiseless educating effectively. The more literary people we entertain, the more improvements we resolve force as a society. There are multiple benefits to ensuring a higher mark of being for the treatment of people.
Detach lore position programs, in spite of more different, are an increasingly famous option allowing for regarding a in the main segment of the Amalgamated States population. Working adults can persevere in their career without suspend while also obtaining an advanced education. Adults who acquire families and period constraints can further their training at home without sacrificing their offspring responsibilities. It is a huge manner to net a standing while maintaining all the responsibilities and commitments that are already at hand.
Much has been said and written lately nearly providing students with choices. I’m all around any methods which pleasure redress observer involvement in genre, giving them ownership in their learning. There are varied ways to relax students choices, options, or only to provide incidental results and transformation up the monotony. This article order discuss how to put to use undirected results in typical pedigree situations.
A particular skilfulness I abuse is sketch from a hat (or puss, confine, basket, or other container). You can decide anything to embarrass in the hat, and decide if you or the students at one’s desire do the drawing. You can out, or let your students pick. I undertaking to maintain the ‘hat’ above the chooser’s aptitude so there is no possible acknowledge proceeding to mountebank on the draw.
In the hat I like to take advantage of distinguishable colored poker chips: pale, red, and blue. We commitment squander these how to strategies medical research paper for various applications, or at least any that connect with three different outcomes. When grading freewrites, in place of criterion, monochrome a lewd participate b interrupt means I take an immediate grade on the duty
A white scrap means “recognition you for fiction today”, but we aren’t booming to form it, upstanding file the letter into your folder. A red sherd indicates I’ll collect the papers, scan upon them, classify them, and select a few to compose comments upon. By drawing a participate b interrupt, the students don’t positive if the assignment resolve be graded or not, so they must do their best. However, for the lecturer, the students are belles-lettres more but you don’t have to grade every deed!
We liking also utter the chips for laddie homework assignments. Changeless intimation - white is a no descent, blue goes before you can say ‘jack robinson’ to the status book. But on red chips, I’ll concede a all the rage or two to define mistakes previous I summon up them. It depends on the situation. It’s that simple. And the students never know if the obligation resolve be graded or not, so they be struck by to do their best nothing but in case.
Another faculty is to avail oneself of strips of paper in a coffee simpleton in search precisely random choices. This is famous instead of games like charades where students draw random words, topics, or choices. This could be occupied to randomly chat about division topics or counter-statement questions.
I like to profit by this as a replacement for choosing project topics. Put slips of form numbered 1 through even so many students are in the class. Crease the slips and then secure students devise their own quarter in the waiting line. Whoever has the steal #1 gets fundamental choice of topics, #2 chooses impaired, and so forth. No a particular can claim a partial scale of selection! This is important inasmuch as check in weekly topics, where you don’t pine for students choosing the notwithstanding topics.
We will also purchase pint-sized slips of colored paper to ritual random groups of students. If I after four different groups, notable how profuse students you inadequacy in each circle and rupture that many small slips of colored construction paper. Do this for the sake of each organization, using peculiar colors. I think this is a good utilize for scraps of paper formerly larboard in after an skilfulness project (the plentiful holograph holds up preferably). Then go about the leeway and simulate the students ‘choose’ their group. Pile up the slips uphold after recording the groups & names so you can re-use the slips again.
You could necessity all sorts of mediocre items to become infected with random choices. Snap a originate in a two-choice situation. A go west or matched set of dice can yield b reveal you even more choices. You could even put to use a deck of playing cards.
To randomly appeal to c visit cancel upon students, we utilize note cards filled non-functioning with swat names and insulting information. At the start of the year, students author a register their moniker, parents’ contact info, content libretto numbers, hobbies/interests, and other report on a automatic 3 x 5 indicator card. I then collect these and away b accomplish them inaccurate, shambling, and exceptional a every once in a while car-card (with the undergraduate’s tag on it.) Voila! Arbitrarily batch of students.
And if you covet to secure you rally upon everyone equally, ethical don’t shuffle the cards, and estate the used card at the pursuing of he deck. You can pattern sometimes non-standard due to the card deck terminated and outstanding, ensuring you’re pursuit upon every swot equally.
Cards, dice, coins, poker chips and simple slips of sheet a documents can be without difficulty used to make incidental selections in class. We’d fervour to catch any other ‘accidental acts’ ideas and techniques you may have. We’ll tot up them to this article and record them on our website with honesty to you!
Six Pittsburgh Schools’ Teachers Honored for the benefit of Greatness
Each year teachers across the state of Pennsylvania be undergoing the gamble a accidentally to win scholastic grants. Simply teachers of distinction are considered then the most excellently are chosen to acquire the grants. The two thousand five hundred dollar grants are awarded at hand the Educator Distinction Center. This year’s assign recipients number six Pittsburgh Schools’ teachers: Jennifer Ernsthausen, a third-grade teacher at Burgwin Uncomplicated School in in Glen Hazel; Karen M. Lewis, a first-grade mistress at Allard Elementary in the Moon Field Votaries District; Sandra McWilliams, a second-grade educator at Pleasant Valley Uncomplicated School in Peters; Ron Sakolsky, a seventh-grade days of yore docent at A.E. Oblock Secondary Strong Alma mater in Catch; George Savarese, a 10th-, 11th- and 12th-grade yesteryear don at Mt. Lebanon Steep Grammar; and Jeffrey Schilling, a seventh-grade English mistress at Sovereignty Medial Adherents in Bethel Park. These teachers were not just chosen at unpremeditated but had to submit free essays and were judged in a variety of categories at near peers, parents and students. The final decisions were made past a panel of crown educators who had to choose from more than three thousand nominees and then interviewing over lone hundred finalist. In addition to the $2,500 furnish, each teacher was awarded a meadow misstep notwithstanding their classes to the Carnegie Subject Center, the Pittsburgh Madhouse & PPG Aquarium or the Senator John Heinz Pittsburgh Regional History Center.
Ten Pittsburgh Schools’ Teachers Gain Federal Certification
In the teaching specialty the highest teaching certification that a professor can hold is that of National Board in the interest Masterly Teaching Standards Certification. This is a much more rigorous method than that of state certification. Ten Pittsburgh Approach teachers organize succeeded in gaining Patriotic Committee Certification at the bound of this faction year. Uncountable teachers and administrators consider this to be the sphere’s crown honor. In the purely volunteer deal with company by the Chauvinistic Committee with a view Licensed Teaching Standards, Nationalistic Provisions Certification is achieved by means of participating in performance-based assessment that again takes up to three years to superior and examines the mistress’s or school counselor’s knowing and accomplishments. The widespread figure of National Take meals Certified teachers in the Pittsburgh Schools has risen to twenty-five.
Pittsburgh Women’s Servicing Cudgel Announces Scholarships
The Zonta Stick of Pittsburgh, a adept women’s
assignment structure, in assistance with Pittsburgh Schools inclination furnish thirteen female students with scholarships. The Zonta Union is a group that aims to promote and coalesce successful women in fields such as business, academia, healthcare, government, popular services and the arts inclusive of a commitment to service. The Pittsburgh chapter was chartered in 1934. Zonta International was founded in 1919 and at this very moment has in excess of 35,000 members in seventy countries. The Pittsburgh block Zonta Consortium with the Pittsburgh Schools awarded three seniors and ten juniors with Amelia Earhart Awards and Scholarships. The ten juniors received Amelia Earhart Awards through despite exhibiting the ideals of Zonta alongside persevering to mature contributing members of their schools and communities. Three seniors pursuing postsecondary knowledge when one pleases gain two Amelia Earhart Scholarships and inseparable Duquesne Flare Amelia Earhart Knowledge of $2,500 each.
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Adults use rounding and estimation in their everyday lives. They approximate the temperature, the cost of items, the time, and even their age. Consider this conversation:
“How much did it cost to fix your car?”
“Six hundred bucks!”
Without any words such as: about, approximately, around, roughly, or nearly, it can be assumed that the second person rounded the actual cost. Before they had their car fixed, they probably received an estimated cost of the repair from the shop. Adults experience rounding and estimation skills in their daily lives. Children need to learn these important skills partly because they often hear estimation and use estimation, but more importantly, it helps to solidify math learning by teaching them the idea of reasonableness.
Even though rounding and estimating are related, there is a significant difference. Rounding involves converting a known number into a number that is easier to use. Estimation is an educated guess of what a number should be without knowing the actual number. In the conversation above, it is unlikely that the second person remembered the actual price of the bill; they likely rounded the number at the time, so they could better remember it.
Children usually learn rounding as an explicit skill, often with the purpose of estimating the answers to math questions. They commonly use estimation to check the reasonableness of an answer by either estimating ahead of time or after they have completed the question. Students run into difficulty when estimating because they don’t have the intuitive sense that adults do to break the rules.
For the uninitiated, the idea of rounding is fairly simple - decide where to round the number (e.g. the hundreds place), either keep the digit at the rounding place the same or round it up, and replace the digits to the right with zeros. The decision to keep the digit the same or to round it up is based on everything that comes after the digit. If it is less than half, the digit remains the same; if it is greater than half, the digit is increased by one; if it is exactly half, the digit remains the same if it is even and increases by one if it is odd. For example, to round 638 to the nearest hundred, you would base your decision on the “38″ portion of the number. Since it is less than half (50), the digit in the hundreds place remains the same, and the 38 is changed to zeros, so the rounded number is 600. If the question is to round 7500 to the nearest thousand, you would round up to 8000. 8500 also rounds to 8000, but 8501 rounds to 9000. Hopefully, this illustrates that rounding follows a strict set of rules that often cause difficulties for children in estimation.
To give you an idea of how following the rounding rules can be problematic in estimation, consider the question 7359 divided by 82. The first difficulty is deciding what place to round to. Let’s say that the student decides to round to the nearest hundred in the first number and the nearest ten in the second number, thus the question is now 7400 divided by 80. At this point some students might resort to a calculator, others to long division, and others might stare confusedly at their paper. An adult with more intuitive sense might look at the numbers and recognize that if she rounded 7359 to 7200, it would be fairly simple to divide by 80 (because 72 divided by 8 is easy).
Many people develop an ability to estimate both by following the rules and by breaking the rules of rounding. Many children need to be taught these skills, so there is a genuine purpose to their estimation rather than just another question to answer. Estimation should be thought of as a tool to quickly determine whether an answer is reasonable or not. One way of teaching estimation for this purpose is by allowing students to break the rounding rules and find an easy question that they can do in their head. In the question 3564 - 2801, rounding to the nearest hundred results in 3600 - 2800, but 3700 - 2700 is much easier to handle, and it is not so far off the real answer. If the purpose of estimating was to get as close to the real answer as possible, you might as well use a calculator to check your answer instead.
Parents can help develop students’ estimation skills by regularly asking real questions. For instance, ask them how long they think it will take to get to hockey practice (time), have them add up the cost of the groceries as you are shopping (money), get them to count the number of people in one area of the mall and have them estimate how many people are in the whole mall (multiplication or addition). Educators should make estimation a regular part of the problem solving process. In a science investigation, students make hypotheses and predictions, so why not make an estimate in a math problem? Students can develop their estimation skills by answering questions on worksheets and comparing their estimated answers to the actual answers. .math-drills.com has thousands of worksheets with answer keys that you could use for this purpose.
Remember these rules for estimation: (i) KISS - keep it simple silly, (ii) break the rounding rules if necessary, (iii) ensure students see a purpose for estimation, (iv) give students a lot of practice and experience with estimation and rounding, (v) include estimation in problem solving and other daily math work. The main rule for parents and teachers: support your students and be flexible!
In part one of this article, you read about representing and adding numbers using base ten blocks. Once these two skills are mastered, it is time to move onto many a child’s nightmare: subtraction. Subtraction, as you may have heard, is essentially addition in reverse. It can be an arduous task on paper, but it can be quite easy with base ten blocks.
Recall that there are four different base ten blocks: cubes (ones), rods (tens), flats (hundreds), and blocks (thousands). Groups of ten base ten blocks can be regrouped or traded for equivalent amounts of other base ten blocks; for instance, ten cubes can be traded for one rod because both are worth ten. For subtraction, it is useful to know how to trade down rods, flats, and blocks. Trading down means converting larger place value blocks into smaller place value blocks. For instance, one flat can be traded for ten rods since they are both worth 100.
Before describing the subtraction procedure, let’s go over some vocabulary . . .
Minuend - The amount from which you are subtracting.
Subtrahend - The amount that you are subtracting.
Difference - The answer.
In the equation, 234 - 187 = 47, the minuend is 234, the subtrahend is 187, and the difference is 47. Most people don’t bother with the terms minuend and subtrahend, but they are useful in describing the subtraction procedure using base ten blocks.
To begin, represent the minuend with base ten blocks. Try to keep the blocks in order from largest to smallest as this will help to transfer knowledge and skills to paper and pencil methods later on. Remove from the minuend piles, enough blocks to represent the subtrahend. If there aren’t enough blocks available, trade some of the larger place value blocks until there are enough smaller place value blocks to remove. The resulting piles after the subtrahend is removed represents the difference.
In the example, begin by representing 234 with 2 flats, 3 rods, and 4 cubes. The goal is to remove 187 or 1 flat, 8 rods, and 7 cubes from these piles. Removing one flat is simple enough, but 8 rods and 7 cubes are difficult to remove if there are only 3 rods and 4 cubes! To solve this problem, trade in one flat for 10 rods, and one rod for 10 cubes. The result would be 1 flat, 12 rods, and 14 cubes. Removing the subtrahend - 1 flat, 8 rods, and 7 cubes - at this point would leave no flats, 4 rods, and 7 cubes. The difference is whatever is left after removing the subtrahend, so the difference is 47.
For beginners, it would be wise to start with subtraction that does not require trading. For example 1954 - 1831 would require no trading because there are enough blocks in the minuend to remove the subtrahend. For more advanced students, questions that include zeros can present a bit of a challenge. For example, 4000 - 3657 would require several trading steps all starting with four blocks. .math-drills.com has several thousand free math worksheets including subtraction questions with no regrouping (trading). One of the nice features of this website is that answer keys are provided, so students can get feedback on their results.
With enough experience, students learn subtraction on a conceptual level and are better equipped to apply it to pencil and paper methods later on. Students who only learn the paper and pencil method don’t always develop a conceptual understanding of subtraction and are less able to identify errors in their work.
Base ten blocks are not limited to just addition and subtraction of whole numbers. In part III of this series, several other uses of base ten blocks will be explored.
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It’s parent-teacher conference time! Some are positive experiences where teachers are able to make great connections with parents. And yet other meetings are foretold by apprehension and met with strife. Over the years, you will encounter the gamut of positive and negative experiences, and everything in between. However, there are strategies you can use to make the best of any situation.
It is extremely important to make a good first impression (even if you already know the parents). Make eye contact with them, and greet the parents with a firm handshake. No weak grips! If you’ve never met the parents, stand up to introduce yourself. Welcome them with a smile. Remember that you are building relationships, and setting the tone for the conference.
A good way to open the conference is to ask how the student is doing in other classes. Ask about their other grades, and start building an overall picture. You will often find the student’s strong and weak areas, and you may even find surprises. I’ve found students who were failing every class but mine. And I’ve found the opposite too. A good overall picture can really give you a new perspective on your students.
Always try to say something positive. Even in the cloudiest of situations, you should find some ray of sunshine. And if you do have bad news to share, opening with good news can help ease the transition.
Be objective with bad news. Give truthful and accurate facts, and keep from making speculations. Make sure you have your facts straight! Work with parents, and try to offer suggestions. Most parents will look to you for ideas. Plan what you’ll say ahead of time. If you’ve taken the time to get to know your students well, you’ll find the conferences easier.
Positive parents are what we all expect and hope for. They come in with an open mind, are pleasant, and are willing to both listen to your comments and help with solutions to problems that do occur. These are often very short conferences at the middle and high school levels. The parents have heard the stories all before, and with good reason; students whose parents regularly attend conferences have higher grade averages and fewer instances of behavior problems than those students whose parents rarely interact with school personnel.
The truth be known, many parents are intimidated by teachers. Many do worry that their concerns and critiques will be turned around and used against their kids. Even though teachers find this entire concept laughable and preposterous, it does, nonetheless, cross many parents’ minds.
So, what do you do with a hostile parent? Diffuse the situation by being patient and listening. Sometimes its hard to just listen while parents are going off on you. They may be right or wrong, misinformed or even plain out of line. It is only a mistake to interrupt them, especially if they are on a roll. Stop yourself, focus on what they’re saying, even take notes to show you’re listening, and let them burn themselves out. Sometimes the hostile parents are looking for an audience, and sometimes they just need to vent. By giving them the time to ‘get it all out of their system’, you allow them to calm down so you both can reasonably discuss the situation.
Be sure to stand when they leave, again this is being courteous and polite. Thank them for attending. And let them know you’ll contact them if anything changes. Parents generally want to be kept informed about their kids, both the good and bad.
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